What is the greatest difference between knowing something and thinking something? What is the difference between opinion and reality? What is the difference between a proposition and a theory? What is sufficient evidence? Often when we as humans use these terms, we have a very different meaning in mind than the scientific community. Our ideas of these terms are even very different than you’d find in legal documents. But the problem is not that people’s definitions and conceptualization of these terms are so different than that of professionals, the problem is of scope.
Knowing Vs. Thinking
On a personal level knowing something and thinking something are the same: you think what you know and you know what you think. The problem is that we are not isolated to ourselves because we as humans have discovered that by communicating with, learning from and teaching others, we can rapidly become more technologically advanced and protect ourselves. When another person relies on your knowledge or you’re relying on the knowledge of someone else, knowing something and having an opinion starts to become more different the more people that are involved: if you’re talking to just one person, you may not need to have verified your opinion at all, but when you’re speaking to a large group of people then it becomes very important to have verified your opinion. The context is equally important to the amount of people you’re talking to. If it’s well understood that you’re just expressing your opinion, then it isn’t very important to verify it, however if you’re taken as an authority on what you’re talking about, then it’s very important that you verify your opinion.
So when can you say that you “know” something? You should only say that you know something after you can demonstrate predictions, show the facts that back up your opinion and have shown that someone other than yourself can verify it for themselves. Also after both you and others have attempted to discover an alternate explanation for the predictions.
Propositions Vs. Theory
The difference between propositions and scientific theories is the same as the difference between the common use of the word theory and and scientific theories. The common use of the word theory is used as a possible concept of how something works… a proposition if you will. While a scientific theory uses gathered facts and is used to explain why those facts happened, the theory is heavily tested against other possible explanations as well as predicting the cause of the facts as well as how the things will happen. A proposition is like an untested theory, while a scientific theory is an accurate representation of reality.
The reason why we bother with scientific theories is so that we can fix things, make things better and avoid bad things. So the next time you hear someone say, “it’s only a theory” let them know how wrong they are… unless they’re referring to the Layman’s definition of theory.
Sufficient Evidence
Some people say that the idea of sufficient evidence is a constantly moving goal post that can never be attained. So what’s the point? The point is that not only do you need to have evidence for your ideas, you also have to be able to connect that evidence to a theory. Like the theory of gravity. No one can provide absolute proof that everything falls to the Earth, I mean have you tested everything on the planet? I didn’t think so. Have you witnessed the beginning of gravity? I didn’t think so. So what gives you confidence in this scientific theory? Evidence. Not just hearsay.
You can test out the theory of gravity yourself: measure some spot a specific distance from the ground… say 15 feet from a roof, and release a somewhat dense object that will encounter little resistance from other forces… like a rock. Then release the rock and time how long it takes to reach the ground. Anyone who has a mild understanding of gravity will be able to tell you how much time it will take for the rock to hit the ground, because the theory provides predictions. Some one with a better understanding of gravity will be able to tell you how fast the rock will be going when it hits as well as it’s acceleration. Without even having to watch your specific experiment. This is known as verifiable and demonstrable evidence. If you want to challenge the theory, you must first show where the theory is wrong and be able to demonstrate your evidence. So to challenge the theory you need to have a good understanding of the theory.
Bring It All Together
The purpose of all this is not to sound smart, isolate the uneducated masses or to trick people into believing things that are false. The purpose is to provide everyone a better understanding of reality. The purpose is to prevent people from just saying things that sound like they make sense. Everyone that is interested can research and test out any scientific theory. If you can’t understand a concept, do not worry, there are authorities that you can question. I have yet to meet a person that is not enthusiastic to find people genuinely interested in increasing their understanding of the field they are researching.
TLDR: The purpose of evidence is to ensure that we all have the most accurate understanding of reality that is currently possible.